Cooling and Energy Consumption in India
The Indian government is considering regulating air conditioner (AC) temperature settings between 20°C and 28°C. This move, while symbolic, highlights the significant impact of cooling on India's energy grid, environmental footprint, and climate goals.
Rising Demand for Air Conditioning
- Growth Factors: The demand for air conditioning is driven by economic growth, urbanization, and increasing heat waves.
- Sales Statistics: In a recent year, 15 million AC units were sold, up from 7.5 million in 2022.
- Electricity Consumption: ACs account for a significant portion of electricity use, especially in cities like Delhi, where they make up 40% of annual electricity use and 50-60% in summer.
Environmental Impact
- Energy Consumption: ACs contribute to peak electricity demand, leading to the installation of new coal-fired power plants, which contradicts emission reduction efforts.
- Use of Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Refrigerants: These are potent greenhouse gases with a global warming potential far higher than CO2.
- Climate Impact: A typical AC unit can have a climate impact equivalent to 2.25 tonnes of CO2 annually.
The Necessity of Cooling
- Essential Need: Cooling is essential for health, productivity, and social stability. Lack of cooling can lead to increased aggression and fatalities during heatwaves.
Sustainable Cooling Solutions
- Built Environment: Design buildings to stay cool naturally using insulating materials, shaded façades, and reflective roofs.
- District Cooling Systems (DCS): These systems can reduce cooling demand by 30-40% and cut electricity bills significantly. Hyderabad Pharma City is planning one of Asia's largest DCS facilities.
- Super-Efficient ACs: Development and adoption should be fast-tracked through targeted subsidies and smart regulations.
Inclusivity in Cooling
- Access for All: Develop low-cost and energy-efficient cooling solutions for vulnerable populations. Establish public cooling shelters in high-heat areas.
- Urban Planning: Incorporate shared cooling spaces to ensure access for street vendors, workers, and the elderly.
Conclusion
The proposed AC temperature cap is a step toward addressing cooling as both a developmental need and an environmental challenge. The approach to cooling will influence physical comfort, economic resilience, and environmental sustainability.
