India and Genetically Modified (GM) Crops
Current Scenario
As the deadline approaches, US negotiators are urging India to open its agriculture market to GM crops.
- The finance minister has declared agriculture and dairy as sacrosanct "red lines," citing potential risks to farmers' livelihoods and food safety.
- Globally, GM crop adoption has expanded significantly, with over 200 million hectares under cultivation across 76 countries by 2023.
- India's refusal to accept GM imports is a significant challenge in finalizing a trade deal.
History of GM Crops in India
India has a history with GM crops, primarily with cotton.
- Bt cotton, introduced in 2002, covers over 90% of India's cotton area.
- Cotton seed oil is consumed by humans, though some scientists claim it lacks the protein present in seeds.
- GM feed, such as soya and corn, has been part of the food chain, primarily through cattle and poultry feed.
Impact of GM Cotton
Bt cotton has significantly boosted India's cotton production and productivity.
- Between 2002-03 and 2013-14, cotton production rose by 193%, and productivity increased by 87%.
- India became the second-largest global cotton producer and exporter, achieving $4.1 billion in net exports during 2011-12.
Challenges Faced
Recent years have seen a decline in India’s cotton productivity and production due to various factors.
- Productivity has fallen to around 436 kg/ha by 2023-24, below the global average of approximately 770 kg/ha.
- Pest outbreaks, regulatory issues, and a ban on next-generation seeds like herbicide-tolerant (HT) Bt cotton have contributed to the decline.
Regulatory and Policy Issues
Regulations have stifled innovation in India's GM crop sector.
- The Cotton Seed Price Control Order (SPCO) of 2015 reduced Bt cotton seed royalties, discouraging research and development.
- Rules from 2016 further restricted GM trait licensors and capped trait fees, deterring investment in new technologies.
Future Prospects
For India to lead in agricultural innovation, embracing biotechnology is essential.
- Advanced biotech crops like HT-Bt cotton, Bt brinjal, and GM mustard need commercial deployment.
- The prime minister's "Jai Anusandhan" initiative, backed by a significant RDI fund, aims to promote innovation.
In conclusion, India’s potential to lead the gene revolution depends on overcoming regulatory hurdles and adopting technology-driven solutions for sustainable agricultural growth.
