Exploration Contract in the Carlsberg Ridge

The Carlsberg Ridge is a significant 3,00,000-sq km area located in the Indian Ocean, specifically in the Arabian Sea and northwest Indian Ocean. It delineates the boundary between the Indian and Arabian tectonic plates.

India's Exploration Contract

• India has secured an exploration contract from the International Seabed Authority (ISA) to explore polymetallic sulphur nodules.
• The nodules are rich in manganese, cobalt, nickel, and copper.
• The agreement was signed in Delhi on September 15, 2025.

Global Context

• This is the first global license granted for exploring these nodules.
• To explore areas deemed as 'high seas,' countries must obtain permission from the ISA.
• Nineteen countries currently hold exploration rights.

India's Application and Rights

• India applied for exploration rights in January 2024 for two regions in the Indian Ocean.
• The Carlsberg Ridge application was approved, but the Afanasy-Nikitin Sea (ANS) mount application is pending due to Sri Lanka's claim.
• India previously had exploration rights in the Central Indian Ocean Basin and the Indian Ocean Ridge. These are set to expire in 2027 and 2031, respectively.

Controversy and Strategic Importance

• Exploiting the deep ocean for mining is controversial due to potential environmental impacts.
• Despite the high costs, countries seek exploration rights for strategic reasons, including blocking competitors like China.
• Securing these rights ensures resources are not claimed by others.