Rabies in India: An Overview
The issue of rabies in India is severe, with the country experiencing an estimated 20,000 rabies-related human deaths annually, accounting for one-third of the world's rabies fatalities. The main reservoir of the virus is dogs, and the disease primarily affects the poorest segments of society.
Current Situation in Hospitals
- Rabies patients are often admitted to isolated wards due to severe symptoms like hydrophobia and hallucinations.
- Cases are predominantly reported among daily wage workers and those living in remote areas.
Preventive Measures and Challenges
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is crucial and involves washing the wound, anti-rabies vaccination (ARV), and administering rabies immunoglobulin (RIG).
- There is a significant shortage and high cost of RIG, with prices ranging from ₹5,000 to ₹20,000, making it inaccessible for many.
- A study found that 20.5% of dog bite victims did not receive ARV, and nearly half did not complete the full vaccination course.
Socioeconomic Factors and Access to Treatment
- Financial constraints prevent many from vaccinating their dogs, leading to higher risk of rabies.
- Families often resort to local quacks due to high medical costs and lack of access to proper healthcare.
- Out-of-pocket expenditure on health continues to push families into poverty.
Regulatory and Community Initiatives
- In November 2025, the Supreme Court ordered states to place stray dogs in shelters after sterilization and vaccination.
- This directive has been criticized as "impractical" and "cruel" by animal rights activists.
Proposed Solutions
- Community action is encouraged, with dog lovers urged to support, neuter, and vaccinate strays.
- Improving the availability of PEP and ARV across the country is essential.
- Development of cheaper, indigenous drugs like rabies monoclonal antibodies (RmAbs) is underway but not yet included in national guidelines.
Conclusion
Addressing rabies in India requires a multifaceted approach, including better healthcare accessibility, enhanced community involvement, and comprehensive vaccination programs for both humans and dogs. Protecting human health and animal welfare should be a priority, aiming to eliminate preventable rabies deaths.
