This new gene revolution is being driven by new gene editing tools such as CRISPR, allowing precise gene editing without the introduction of foreign genes.

• It is helping develop new varieties of GM crops (plants whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques) which are expected to enhance food security.

Status of GM crops in India

• Bt cotton is the only GM crop approved for commercial cultivation in India.
• In 2022, Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) has approved the environmental release of Mustard hybrid DMH-11; however, the matter is pending before Supreme Court. 
• Several more crops such as chickpea, pigeonpea, corn, sugarcane, etc. are in various stages of research and field trials.

Significance of GM Crops 

• Increased crop yield thus improving food availability and farmers’ income.
• Improve nutritious content, helping fight malnutrition.
• Offers beneficial traits to survive extreme weather and new climate-induced diseases and disasters.  
• Can be optimized to better capture and store atmospheric carbon, thus helping fight climate change. 

Concerns with GM Crops

• Probability of building up of resistance in target pests.
• Monopoly with respect to Intellectual Property by a few large companies.
• Often involve large-scale monocultures thus requiring great amounts of artificial fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation.
• Deficiencies in risk assessment of GM crops.