Domestic Migration in India: Key Findings

The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) reported a significant slowdown in domestic migration in India, with a decrease of 11.78% in the number of migrants compared to the 2011 Census.

Migration Statistics

• Total Migrants 2023: Estimated at 40.20 crore.
• Total Migrants 2011: Recorded at 45.57 crore.
• Migration Rate 2011: 37.64% of the population.
• Migration Rate 2023: Estimated at 28.88%.

Data Sources and Methodology

• The report titled "400 Million Dreams!" utilized three datasets: 
  1. Indian Railway Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS) data on passenger volumes.
  2. Mobile telephone subscribers' roaming data from the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI).
  3. District-level banking data on remittances.
• The method aims to provide a general trend, with accuracy pending validation from the upcoming decennial Census.

Hypothesized Causes for Slowing Migration

• Improved economic opportunities in smaller cities.
• Better services such as education, health, infrastructure, and connectivity.
• Overall economic growth contributing to reduced migration from major cities.

Migration Trends and Patterns

• Top origin districts revolve around major urban agglomerations like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, and Kolkata.
• Top recipient states now include West Bengal and Rajasthan, while Andhra Pradesh and Bihar have lowered rankings.
• Significant growth in migrant arrivals in West Bengal, Rajasthan, and Karnataka.
• Key districts attracting migrants: Mumbai, Bengaluru Urban, Howrah, Central Delhi, Hyderabad.
• Top origin districts: Valsad, Chittoor, Paschim Bardhaman, Agra, Guntur, Villupuram, Saharsa.

Seasonal Migration Patterns

• TRAI roaming data indicates high migration movement in April-June and secondary highs in November-December.
• Post-pandemic migration levels are significantly lower, with May 2023 levels 6.67% lower than those in May 2012.

Challenges in Migration Data Tracking

Despite other reports like those from the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, tracking migration trends regularly remains challenging.

Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004

Overview: The Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 ranks as one of history's deadliest natural disasters. Many survivors had never heard of tsunamis before encountering them.

• Syamsidik, an engineer from Indonesia, initially believed tsunamis only affected Japan due to its origin as a Japanese term.
• The tsunami was triggered by a 9.1-magnitude earthquake near Sumatra, Indonesia, creating waves as high as 16 stories and speeds up to 300 miles per hour.

Challenges and Responses

Initial Shock

• Earthquake sensors indicated potential dangers, but the warning system was limited to the Pacific Ocean region, leaving the Indian Ocean unmonitored.

Scientific and Technological Advances

Significant developments have been made in tsunami monitoring and forecasting since 2004.

• The Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) network now includes over 70 sensors globally, tracking water conditions in tsunami-prone zones.
• NOAA and other countries have improved tsunami forecasting models, providing better predictions up to 30 minutes before waves hit.

Global Efforts and Challenges

• Despite efforts, achieving zero tsunami deaths remains challenging, as seen in the 2011 Japan disaster.
• Experts acknowledge the difficulty in balancing speed and accuracy in global early warning systems.

Impact and Aftermath

• The 2004 tsunami affected 17 countries, resulting in nearly 250,000 deaths and displacing 1.7 million people, mainly in Indonesia's Aceh province.
• Property damage was estimated at $13 billion, leaving some areas unrecognizable.

Lessons Learned

• There has been a heightened emphasis on enhancing tsunami education and preparedness globally.
• Emergency response systems and safety guidelines have been improved for vulnerable coastal communities.

Conclusion

While strides have been made in tsunami warning and preparedness, continuous efforts are necessary to further minimize risks and enhance global safety protocols.