Iran-U.S. Relations and Nuclear Diplomacy

In early February 2026, Iranian Foreign Minister met with U.S. special envoy in Muscat, Oman, to resume nuclear diplomacy between Iran and the U.S. This was amidst internal tensions in Iran following protests that led to the death of thousands, as claimed by different sources. 

• The protests in Iran resulted in at least 3,000 deaths according to Iranian authorities, while Western organizations claimed over 6,000 deaths.
• U.S. President expressed a strong stance against Iran, yet initiated diplomatic talks while increasing military presence in West Asia.

Background on JCPOA and Current Tensions

• In 2015, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) was signed, under which Iran agreed to limit its nuclear activities in exchange for lifting sanctions.
• President Trump had previously unilaterally withdrawn the U.S. from the JCPOA, leading to increased uranium enrichment by Iran.
• Talks to revive the JCPOA under President Joe Biden were unsuccessful, but Trump resumed negotiations in 2025 following changes in Iran's leadership.

Current Diplomatic Challenges

• While talks have resumed, key disagreements remain, particularly concerning uranium enrichment and stockpiling.
• The U.S. demands cessation and exportation of Iran’s enriched uranium, which Iran opposes.
• Iran insists its nuclear activities are non-military and seeks to retain enrichment capabilities under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.