Inter-State River Water Sharing Conflicts in India

Current Context and El Niño Impact

The politics of inter-state river water sharing in India has intensified due to a strengthening El Niño event, which threatens monsoon rains. Newly elected chief ministers are engaging in these disputes to score political points.

• States such as Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat are experiencing renewed tensions over water disputes.
• The El Niño phenomenon is expected to reduce southwest monsoon rainfall by 10–20%, affecting crucial river catchments.

Water Disputes and Political Dynamics

In Karnataka, the slogan “Go Back Vijay” has gained traction due to the visit of Tamil Nadu Chief Minister amidst tensions over the Cauvery Water Management Authority's orders.

Odisha is seeking resolutions to the Mahanadi water dispute with Chhattisgarh, showing a shift in policy due to a change in leadership.

• Experts highlight the lack of cohesive water management between the Centre, states, and local bodies as a major issue.
• The impacts of water scarcity are most acutely felt by farmers, exacerbated by El Niño conditions.

Recent Developments and Resolution Efforts

Efforts to resolve long-standing disputes have seen some progress, with a resolution between Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh over the Sardar Sarovar Project.

• The tenure of two water dispute tribunals — for Ravi and Beas, and Krishna rivers — has been extended due to ongoing unresolved issues.
• Political leaders in Odisha and Chhattisgarh are making efforts to resolve the Mahanadi dispute, with submissions to a technical committee being planned.

Implications for Farmers and Policy Recommendations

Farmers are the most vulnerable to the consequences of water disputes, facing delayed sowing and economic losses.

• The estimated disruption in agri-processing supply chains could lead to agricultural losses worth ₹60,000–80,000 crore annually.
• Recommendations emphasize the need for policymakers to address the asymmetric impacts on farmers and improve climate resilience.

The Case of Cauvery Water Dispute

The Cauvery River dispute remains a sensitive issue in southern India, impacting Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

• Tamil Nadu opposes Karnataka’s Mekedatu dam project, seeking intervention from the Prime Minister to ensure compliance with legal frameworks.
• Environmentalists emphasize the importance of Cauvery water for Tamil Nadu's districts, advocating for depoliticized solutions.