Inspectors from the IAEA began work at key nuclear sites of Bushehr in Iran.

IAEA

• Genesis: It was created in 1957.
• About: It is the world's central intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the nuclear field. 
• Function: It works for the safe, secure and peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology, contributing to international peace and security and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.
• Policy-Making bodies: They comprise the General Conference of all Member States and the 35-member Board of Governors.
• HQ: Vienna(Austria).
• Award: Nobel Peace Prize in 2005.

India and developing countries push to bring Article 9.1 back at the center of negotiations in COP30, at Belém, Brazil. 

Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement

• Core Principle: Developed countries “shall provide financial resources to assist developing countries” with mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention.
• Basis: Anchored in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and historical responsibility.

The Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying (DAHD) has issued the Revised National Action Plan on Glanders.

About Glanders

• It  is an infectious  disease that mainly affects horses, donkeys and mules.
• The disease is notifiable under the Prevention and Control of Infectious and Contagious Diseases in Animals (PCICDA) Act, 2009.
• Caused by: Bacterium Burkholderia mallei.
• It can be transmitted to humans.
• It is a life-threatening zoonosis and no vaccines exist.

UIDAI and Ministry of Education join hands to facilitate pending Mandatory Biometric Update (MBU) in Aadhaar on UDISE+ application

About UDISE+

• It is an educational management information system under the Department of School Education & Literacy, Ministry of Education .
• Objective :To collate credible and comparable information collected using a standardized 'Data Capture Format' across the country through online, real-time mode in an efficient manner.
• It functions as a central platform that enables respective schools to efficiently record and submit data related to its profile (infrastructure & facilities), individual students and teachers’ details.

The Armed Forces and Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff will participate in the Multilateral Exercise Bright Star 2025.

About Exercise Bright Star

• Origin: Conceived as a bilateral US–Egypt exercise after the Camp David Accord (1977).
  • First edition: 1980, Egypt.
  • Expanded: Since 1995, multiple nations included.
• Among the largest Tri-Service multilateral exercises in the region.

According to EY study, India is projected to emerge as the world’s second-largest economy in purchasing power parity.

About PPP

• PPP is used to compare economic productivity and standards of living between countries.
• PPP involves an economic theory that compares different countries' currencies through a "basket of goods" approach.
• According to the PPP theory, as long as there are no barriers to trade like tariffs and quotas, exchange rates should eventually adjust so that the same product costs the same whether measured in India or another country.

3I/ATLAS is a comet discovered in 2025 by ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System) survey telescope situated in Rio Hurtado (Chile)

• It is the third known object from outside our solar system to be discovered. Astronomers .

• The first was 1I/’Oumuamua in 2017, and second was Comet 2I/Borisov in 2019.

• It is categorized as interstellar because of the hyperbolic shape of its orbital path.

•  It does not follow a closed orbital path about the Sun.

Sapient’s scientists have developed a new AI modeled on the human brain. Current Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have certain limitations due to use of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning.

About Hierarchical Reasoning Model (HRM)

• Modelled on:  Human brain’s hierarchical, multi-time scale processing.
  • Mimics how different brain regions integrate information across durations.
• How HRM Works
  • HRM executes sequential reasoning tasks in a single forward pass without explicit supervision of the intermediate process.
  • Uses two modules:
    • High-level module: slow, abstract planning.
    • Low-level module: fast, detailed computations.

According to a study, Gangotri glacier has lost 10 percent of its snow melt flow in four decades.

About Gangotri Glacier

• The Gangotri Glacier is a 30 km long glacier in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand.
• This glacier feeds the Bhagirathi River, one of the primary headstreams of the Ganges River. 
  • As it flows down, the Bhagirathi merges with the Alaknanda River at Devprayag to form Ganga. 
• It is home to Gangotri National Park.
  • Key Fauna: Snow Leopard, Himalayan Blue Sheep (Bharal), Himalayan Monal, the state bird of Uttarakhand.