The act of suffering death for a cause, especially religious or political beliefs. Baba Banda Singh Bahadur attained martyrdom after refusing religious conversion despite severe torture by the Mughal ruler Farrukhsiyar.

A significant legal case initiated by the British government against revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Shivaram Rajguru. They were implicated for the assassination of British police officer J.P. Saunders in 1928, mistakenly believing him to be James A. Scott, who had ordered the lathi charge that led to Lala Lajpat Rai's death.

A revolutionary organization founded in 1924, later renamed the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). It aimed to overthrow British rule through armed revolution and establish a socialist republic in India. Key figures associated with it include Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.