Quantum Capabilities: Strategic Implications for India
Countries developing quantum capabilities are expected to gain a significant strategic edge that could pose threats to national security and economic competitiveness, as stated by NITI Aayog’s Frontier Tech Hub. Quantum technologies can potentially crack modern encryption, destabilize financial markets, and transform military capabilities. Therefore, India must assess its vulnerabilities, adopt post-quantum cryptography, and establish bilateral partnerships for technology access.
Quantum Computing vs. Classical Computing
- Unlike classical computers that use binary (0s and 1s), quantum computing employs quantum bits (qubits), allowing multiple states simultaneously and enabling faster task execution.
- A powerful quantum computer can compromise public-key encryption algorithms, threatening internet security, online banking, and secure communications.
Public Investment in Quantum Technologies
- Global public investment in quantum development has exceeded $40 billion across over 30 governments.
- China leads with a $15 billion investment, followed by the United States with $5 billion, while India plans a $750 million investment through the National Quantum Mission (NQM) launched in 2023.
- NITI Aayog CEO BVR Subrahmanyam emphasizes India's success in frugal innovation, citing cost-effective achievements like the Mars mission.
India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM)
The NQM, with a budget of Rs 6,003 crore, aims to develop quantum capabilities in computing, communications, sensors, and materials. The financial allocation for the ongoing year was reduced from Rs 427 crore to Rs 86 crore, with a projection of Rs 600 crore for 2025-26.
- The mission targets hardware limitations, essential for quantum advancements.
- It fosters a startup ecosystem for producing ultra-high purity materials, cryogenic systems, specialized lasers, and control electronics.
Risks and Strategic Blind Spots
- Quantum advancements could expose India to technological surprises and strategic blind spots, threatening national security and economic competitiveness.
- Developing a post-quantum cryptography (PQC) transition plan is crucial, as PQC algorithms are designed to withstand quantum computer attacks.
Global Quantum Developments
- In the US, quantum innovation is driven by a mix of government and private sector investments, with contributions from companies like Google and IBM.
- China’s centralized quantum strategy focuses on rapid deployment, with institutions like USTC leading breakthroughs.
Overall, despite historical focus on fundamental science, India is shifting towards technology development and commercialization in the quantum domain, with over 170 academic professionals engaged in this field across India.