The Ministry of Culture commemorated Samvidhan Hatya Diwas to mark the completion of fifty years of the National Emergency imposed in 1975.

About National Emergency Provisions in Indian Constitution

• Article: Covered under Article 352.
• Ground for Declaration: War and external aggression (External Emergency) or armed rebellion (Internal Emergency).
  • 44^th Constitutional Amendment Act replaced ‘internal disturbance’ as a ground for emergency with ‘armed rebellion’.
• Applicability: Entire country or only a part of it.
• Declaration Made so Far:
  • External Emergency: 1962 (Chinese Aggression) and 1971 (Indo- Pak War).
  • Internal Emergency: 1975.

Seven Golden Langurs rescued from an alleged interstate wildlife trafficking network in Assam were released in Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park.

About Golden Langur (Trachypithecus geei) 

• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN: Endangered
  • Wildlife Protection Act,1972: Schedule-I
  • CITES: Appendix I
• Distribution: Endemic to Bhutan, Northeastern India (Assam).
  • Confined between Manas River in the east, Sankosh in the west and Brahmaputra in the south along the Indo-Bhutan border.
• Habitat: Moist evergreen forests, riverine, and moist deciduous forests, temperate and subalpine forests and occasionally in degraded habitats with secondary growth.
• Characteristics: Leaf eating primates having a ruminant like multi-chambered stomach; diurnal in habit (active during day); arboreal (live on trees) and come to the ground occasionally.
• Threats: Habitat destruction, trafficking etc.

According to a study, Delhi’s air quality consistently misses WHO air quality guidelines.

About WHO air quality guidelines

• Air pollutants measured include PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of equal or less than 2.5, and 10 micrometre respectively), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
• Pollutant and Guideline Level
  • PM₂.₅: 5 µg/m³ (annual), 15 µg/m³ (24-hour)
  • PM₁₀: 15 µg/m³ (annual), 45 µg/m³ (24-hour)
  • Ozone (O₃): 60 µg/m³ (peak season), 100 µg/m³ (8-hour)
  • NO₂: 10 µg/m³ (annual), 25 µg/m³ (24-hour)
  • SO₂: 40 µg/m³ (24-hour)
  • CO: 4 mg/m³ (24-hour)

Volcán de Fuego volcano in Guatemala recently experienced a violent eruption.

About Fuego Volcano

• Location: southwest of Guatemala City; one of three stratovolcanoes overlooking Antigua.
• Type: Active stratovolcano (composite volcano), 3,799 m high.
• Formed by: Subduction of Cocos Plate beneath Caribbean Plate; part of Central American volcanic arc.
• Geology: Developed after the collapse of the ancestral Meseta volcano (~8,500 years ago); predominantly basaltic eruptions.
• Eruption Style: Mainly Vulcanian and Strombolian.
• Hazards: Produces ashfalls, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and lahars; the 2018 eruption killed 100+ people and devastated nearby communities.

DRDO has achieved Final Operational Clearance (FOC) for the indigenous Netra Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) system.

• AEW&C System consists of sensors mounted on an aircraft, for locating and providing early warning of airborne & sea surface targets and hostile emissions.  
• Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) for Netra was accorded in 2015, inducted into the IAF in 2017.  

About Netra AEW&C System

• Indigenously developed by DRDO's Centre for Airborne Systems with IAF and Indian industry.
• Platform: Mounted on Brazilian Embraer EMB-145I aircraft.
• Features: Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), secure electronic and communication support, improved low-flying target detection, etc.
• Significance: India's "eye in the sky" for airborne and maritime surveillance; made India the 5th country with indigenous AEW&C capability.
• Operational Record: Proved effective during 2019 Balakot strikes, Operation Sindoor (2025).

India's External Affairs Minister recently addressed Jeju Forum for Peace and Prosperity 2026 highlighting need for strengthening cooperation between India and South Korea.

About Jeju Forum

• Origin: Launched in 2001 (formerly Jeju Peace Forum) as a global dialogue platform.
• Objective: Promotes peace and international cooperation to address global challenges.
• Hosted By: South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, International Peace Foundation, and East Asia Foundation; organized by the Jeju Peace Institute.
• Significance: Brings together global leaders and experts to discuss geopolitical, climate, and technology challenges.

Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) states that a passport is primarily a "travel document", not a conclusive proof of citizenship.

• Under Section 20 of Passports Act, Centre may issue passports to non-citizens in public interest.

Proof of Citizenship

• No Single Document: India has no universal document as definitive proof of citizenship.
• Aadhaar: Identity document, not proof of citizenship.
• Electoral Roll: Creates a presumption of citizenship, but is not conclusive proof; held in Lal Babu Hussein v. Electoral Registration Officer (1995).
• Citizenship Certificate: Issued mainly to those acquiring citizenship by registration or naturalisation.

India with 61 unicorns, slipped one place to 4th position in the Hurun Global Unicorn Index 2026.

About Global Unicorn Index 2026

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become the primary driver of global startup growth, pushing the number of unicorns to a record 1,603. (combined valuation of $8 trillion)
• AI unicorns now account for 36 per cent of the total value of all unicorns worldwide.
• India: most valuable unicorns are Zerodha, Zepto, Razorpay.
  • Bengaluru remained India's unicorn capital with 25 unicorns, followed by Mumbai with 13.
  • Diaspora: Indians co-founded 156 unicorns outside India.