Nuclear Energy and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in India

The government of India is focusing on nuclear energy, as highlighted in recent Union Budgets, emphasizing the development of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), which are small nuclear power plants with a capacity of less than 300 megawatts (Mw). The final Budget for FY2024-25 aims for a target of 100 gigawatts (Gw) by 2047, with at least five SMRs operational by 2033.

Global Context and Market Trends

• SMRs are being developed as a solution for increasing energy demands, particularly in the US, driven by artificial intelligence (AI).
• Countries like Russia, the US, Canada, Argentina, China, and South Korea are either deploying or planning SMRs.
• The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reports over 80 commercial SMR designs under development globally.
• Silicon Valley's AI tech companies are advocating for nuclear energy and SMRs to meet their power needs.

India’s Current Nuclear Energy Status

• India's nuclear energy generation is approximately 8.18 Gw.
• Historical barriers from developed countries, particularly the US, have limited technology and raw material access.
• Shifts in global energy demands and entrepreneurial pressures are changing these dynamics.

Policy and Regulatory Considerations

• The Indian government plans to amend the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act to facilitate private sector involvement.
• Safety is a primary concern, with SMRs purportedly being safer and more efficient, yet unproven in practice.
• Nuclear waste management remains a critical challenge, with increasing waste as SMRs proliferate.
• Risks of enriched nuclear fuels being diverted for non-peaceful purposes necessitate stringent safeguards and monitoring.

Recommendations and Future Outlook

• Strong regulations and safeguards are crucial alongside a robust monitoring mechanism, empowered to act swiftly in emergencies.
• India should monitor global SMR advancements to remain responsive to new developments.
• Balancing nuclear energy adoption with necessary regulatory measures is vital for ensuring safety.

The author emphasizes the need for well-considered policies and monitoring to advance nuclear energy safely and responsibly in India.