Impact of Whiteflies and Pink Bollworms on Cotton in North India
In recent years, whiteflies and pink bollworms have severely affected cotton crops in North India, leading to a significant decline in cotton yields and cultivation area. In Punjab, cotton cultivation has drastically reduced from nearly eight lakh hectares three decades ago to only one lakh hectares in 2024.
This reduction in acreage has adversely impacted the ginning industry, with only 22 ginning units operational in Punjab compared to 422 in 2004.
Introduction of Bollgard-3
Farmers are advocating for the approval of Bollgard-3, a genetically-modified (GM) cotton variety developed by Monsanto, which is resistant to pests. Bollgard-3 includes three Bt proteins: Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A, which disrupt pest gut functions, enhancing cotton crop growth and yield.
Background of Bt Cotton in India
- Bollgard-1 was introduced in 2002 and Bollgard-2 in 2006 by Monsanto, but these varieties are not effective against whitefly and pink bollworm, prompting the demand for Bollgard-3.
BG-2RRF: A Potential Alternative
Bollgard-2 Roundup Ready Flex (BG-2RRF) is a herbicide-tolerant variety closer to availability in India but awaits regulatory approval. Trials for BG-2RRF were conducted in 2012-13.
- BG-2RRF allows for better weed control without harming the cotton plant, leading to improved yields.
- Its approval can pave the way for next-generation seed technologies, potentially lowering pest attack risks by eliminating weed hosts.
Challenges and Future Prospects
Despite regulatory challenges delaying advanced seed technology, farmers must rely on existing resources. Recommendations include adopting agronomic practices like proper seeding, mulching, high-density planting, and drip fertigation to enhance yields.
Bhagwan Bansal and Atul Ganatra emphasized the need for high-yielding, pest-resistant varieties like Bollgard-3 to secure Punjab's cotton industry. Brazil's success with Bollgard-5 highlights the potential for increased yields and profit margins, as their yields reach 2400 kg per hectare compared to India's 450 kg.