Migration as a Political and Policy Issue

Migration has been a significant political issue in both source and destination states, yet the policy framework is based on outdated data. The last comprehensive migration survey was in 2007-08, prior to significant changes in the labor market due to technology and climate change. The proposed Migration Survey for 2026-27 by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation is crucial for updated insights.

Current Migration Trends

• The 2020-21 NSS Multiple Indicator Survey revealed: 
  • 29.1% of Indians were migrants.
  • Migration was higher in urban areas at 34.6%.
  • 11.4% of men migrated, mainly for employment (48.8%).
  • 47.7% of women migrated, mostly due to marriage.
  • 87% of migration occurred within the same state, 58.5% within the same district.

Disparities and Localized Migration

Migration is largely localized but varies based on motivation. Economic dynamism leads to high migration in states like Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Telangana, Punjab, and Maharashtra. In contrast, poorer states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Odisha experience outward migration for survival.

Innovations in the Proposed Migration Survey

• The survey aims to: 
  • Expand the definition of “short-term migration” to include periods from 15 days to less than six months.
  • Classify households based on remittance reception and value.
  • Assess whether migration improves income, education, housing, healthcare, or access to amenities.
  • Identify challenges faced by migrants at their destinations.

Importance of Updated Migration Data

Accurate migration data is essential for making informed policy decisions regarding urban infrastructure, labor protection, and welfare portability. It shifts focus from merely counting migrants to understanding their wellbeing and socio-economic impact.