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Human-Animal Conflict

Posted 17 Oct 2024

Updated 22 Oct 2024

4 min read

Why in the News?

Recently, Wolf attacks were reported from few villages in Uttar Pradesh bringing the issue of Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) to light. 

About Human-Wildlife Conflict

Infographic titled "Data Bank" showing statistics on human deaths in Indian states due to wildlife attacks. It reports 606 (574 in 2019) deaths by elephants and 82 (49 in 2019) by tigers for 2023-24.
  • It refers to the struggles that emerge when the presence or behaviour of wildlife poses a threat to human interests leading to negative impacts on people and/or wildlife.
  • It usually occurs in areas where wildlife and human populations overlap.
  • Management of HWC is the primary responsibility of the respective State/ UT Government.
    • Recently, Kerala has also declared HWC as a state-specific disaster, shifting the responsibility to the State Disaster Management Authority.

 

Infographic titled "Key Drivers of Human Wildlife Conflict" with three categories: Ecological Drivers, Anthropological Drivers, and Wildlife Drivers. Each category lists examples like natural calamities, habitat loss, and invasive species.

Impact of the Human Wildlife Conflict 

  • Impact on Wildlife: It threatens the survival of various terrestrial and marine species as retaliation or pre-emptive killings may drive the species to extinction. 
  • Impact on Ecosystems: It may cause damage to crops and livestock population, further disturbing the predator-prey balance. 
  • Impact on Social Dynamics: Discord among stakeholders as farmers blame government for species’ protection and conservationists blame farmers and industries for clearing habitats. 
  • Impact on Local Communities: Resulting loss of lives, livestock, crops, property, is more pronounced on vulnerable, poor and marginalised communities. 
  • Impact on Commodity Production: Negatively affect businesses dealing with agricultural produce cause decrease in their productivity and profitability. 
  • Other Impacts: Livelihood insecurity; food insecurity; translocation of animals; etc. 

Initiatives taken for mitigation of HWC

  • Creation of Protected Areas Networks: Including National Parks, Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves all over the country under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 to conserve wild animals and their habitats. 
  • Species specific Guidelines: Released by Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change covering 10 species like Elephant, Gaur, Leopard, Crocodile, etc. 
  • Centrally Sponsored Schemes: Like ‘Development of Wildlife Habitats, ‘Project Tiger’ and ‘Project Elephant’ where financial assistance to State/UTs is provided. 
  • National Wildlife Action Plan 2017-2035 (NWAP): Includes a dedicated chapter on managing HWC. 
  • National Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Strategy and Action Plan (2021-26): Ensures harmonious co-existence and overall well-being of humans and wildlife. 

Way Forward on preventing Human Wildlife Conflict

  • Shifting focus from Conflict to Coexistence: It incorporates holistic and integrated approach of managing HWC. 
    • Ex. The Wild Life (Protection) Act of India, 1972, empowers the Chief Wildlife Wardens of the States to take measures for peaceful coexistence of humans and wildlife inside and outside national parks and sanctuaries
  • Understanding the conflict: Adequate Research to understand the context of conflict, mapping hotspot, spatial and temporal characteristics, etc. 
  • Building Barriers: Including activities like construction/erection of physical barriers such as barbed wire fence, solar powered electric fence, bio-fencing, etc.
  • Enabling Policy Frameworks: By incorporating suitable principles, protocols and provisions for effective HWC management plans in international, national laws and conventions. 
    • Ex. WWF suggested for inclusion of HWC management plan within the Sustainable Development Goals or UN Convention for Biological Diversity. 
  • Role of Community: Community-based volunteers or rapid response teams like the existing ‘friends of wild animals’ should be encouraged. 

About Wolf (Canis lupus)

  • Fast Runners: Run at a very high speed up to 45 km/hour. 
  • Natural Predators: Prey mainly on rodents, hares, and livestock. 
  • Extremely Social: Live in a pack of 6-8 individuals and require a home range of about 180-200 sq. km. 
  • Social System: Monogamous and exhibit male dominance hierarchy. 
  • Communication: Using different vocalizations and scent marking. 

There are two species of Wolf found in India: Gray Wolf and Himalayan Wolf.

Gray or Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes)

  • Habitat: Thorn forests, scrub-lands, arid and semi-arid grassland habitats, found in the agro-pastoral regions of semi-arid India. 
    • Majority of them survives outside of protected areas in close proximity with people. 
  • Conservation Status
    • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
    • IUCN: Least Concern
A gray wolf walks on snow, one paw raised, in a winter landscape. The background is a blur of snow-covered trees under a cloudy sky.

Himalayan or Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus chanco)

  • Habitat: Wastelands of the upper-trans Himalayan range including Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim.
  • Conservation Status
    • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I 
    • IUCN: Vulnerable
A Himalayan wolf stands on a snowy terrain, looking directly at the camera. Its thick fur is a blend of brown and gray, well-suited for the cold environment. Sparse patches of vegetation are visible in the background.

 

  • Tags :
  • Himalayan Wolf
  • Human-Animal Conflict
  • National Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Strategy and Action Plan (2021-26)
  • Gray Wolf
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