The successful completion of Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 (TV-D1) Mission and the first uncrewed Test Vehicle Abort Mission laid a strong foundation for the upcoming test schedule. 

• The second Test Vehicle Mission (TV-D2) will be followed by the uncrewed orbital flights of Gaganyaan.
• Gynoid (female robot) Vyommitra will undertake the first uncrewed mission of Gaganyaan. 

About Gaganyaan Mission

• Objectives: Demonstrate India’s human spaceflight capability by launching crew of 3 members to an orbit of 400 km (Low Earth Orbit) for a 3 days mission and bring them back safely to earth, by landing in Indian sea waters.
• Components of the Gaganyaan Mission
  • The Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM-3): Formerly known as the GSLV Mk-III, it is a three-stage rocket with:
    • First stage: Two solid-fuel boosters strapped to the rocket core.
    • Second stage: Powered by two liquid-fuelled, clustered Vikas 2 engines.
    • Third stage: Equipped with the CE-20 indigenous cryogenic engine, using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as fuel and oxidiser, respectively.
  • The Orbital Module: It weighs 8.2 tonnes and is the object launched into low Earth orbit by the LVM-3 rocket (See image). It consists of two main parts:

The Orbital Module

Crew Module: Houses up to three astronauts for a week. Equipped with parachutes for controlled descent upon re-entry. Includes an Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) for temperature, air quality, waste, and fire management. Features a crew escape system for astronaut safety in case of ascent malfunction. Service Module: Provides propulsion to raise the orbital module’s altitude post-separation. Propels the module back towards Earth.