India emphasized climate justice, equity, and implementation, calling for developed nations’ legal financial obligations, just transition, technology access, and rejection of protectionist trade measures.

Why in News?

India's negotiating posture at the COP30 in Belém was sharply focused on implementation and operationalizing climate justice.

Core Objectives

India's strategy, delivered across the G77+China, BASIC, and LMDC groupings, rested on these non-negotiable principles

India's Position at COP 30

Key Area	India's Stance and Statements
Equity and Climate Justice	Reiterated that Equity and "Common but Differentiated Responsibilities" (CBDR-RC) remain the central cornerstone of the global climate regime. Cautioned that the burden of mitigation must not be shifted to those with the "least responsibility in causing the problem".
Climate Finance as a Legal Obligation	Highlighted that the implementation of Article 9.1 is a legal obligation for developed countries to provide finance. Stated that finance remains the "key barrier to raised ambition" and requested a clear, universally agreed definition climate finance
Adaptation and the Global Goal	Declared that COP 30 must be the "CoP of Adaptation". Welcomed progress on the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA), supporting a minimum package of indicators provided there is flexibility for national circumstances.
Just Transition Mechanism	Welcomed the establishment of the Just Transition Mechanism as a "significant milestone" to operationalize equity. Insisted that transition work programs must result in "action-oriented institutional arrangements" that are people-centric.
Mitigation and Net Zero Responsibilities	Stressed that developed countries must "reach net-zero earlier" to preserve equitable carbon space. Called for developed nations to invest more in negative emissions technologies.
Unilateral Trade Measures	Called for "Unilateral Trade-restrictive Climate Measures" to be rejected as they act as instruments of protectionism.
Technology Transfer and Access	Asserted that "Technology Access is a Right, not a Bargaining Tool". Emphasized that intellectual property and market barriers must not hinder technology transfer to developing nations.
Multilateralism and Diplomacy	Expressed unwavering support for multilateralism and international cooperation. Praised the Brazilian Presidency for leadership rooted in the "spirit of Mutirão" (inclusion and balance).

Key Developing Country Negotiating Blocs at COP
Grouping	Members & Composition
G77	The largest coalition of developing countries, now comprising 134 members.
LMDC (Like-Minded Developing Countries)	A more hardline group within the G77, including countries like India, China, Bolivia, Cuba, Egypt, and Iran.
BASIC	A coalition of four large, rapidly developing economies: Brazil, South Africa, India, and China.